Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability in web applications that allows an attacker to inject malicious scripts into a web page viewed by other users. XSS can be used to steal sensitive information, such as login credentials, or to perform actions on behalf of the victim, such as making unauthorized purchases. XSS attacks can be classified into two types: stored XSS and reflected XSS. In stored XSS, the malicious script is permanently stored on the web server, while in reflected XSS, the script is temporarily reflected off the server and into the victim’s browser. To prevent XSS attacks, it is important to properly sanitize user input and encode output.
We gonna need to install these libraries:
pip3 install requests bs4Alright, let’s get started:
import requests
from pprint import pprint
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as bs
from urllib.parse import urljoinSince this type of web vulnerabilities are exploited in user inputs and forms, as a result, we need to fill out any form we see by some javascript code. So, let’s first make a function to get all the forms from the HTML content of any web page :
def get_all_forms(url):
"""Given a `url`, it returns all forms from the HTML content"""
soup = bs(requests.get(url).content, "html.parser")
return soup.find_all("form")Now this function returns a list of forms as soup objects, we need a way to extract every form details and attributes (such as action, method and various input attributes), the below function does exactly that:
def get_form_details(form):
"""
This function extracts all possible useful information about an HTML `form`
"""
details = {}
# get the form action (target url)
action = form.attrs.get("action", "").lower()
# get the form method (POST, GET, etc.)
method = form.attrs.get("method", "get").lower()
# get all the input details such as type and name
inputs = []
for input_tag in form.find_all("input"):
input_type = input_tag.attrs.get("type", "text")
input_name = input_tag.attrs.get("name")
inputs.append({"type": input_type, "name": input_name})
# put everything to the resulting dictionary
details["action"] = action
details["method"] = method
details["inputs"] = inputs
return detailsCopy
After we get the form details, we need another function to submit any given form:
def submit_form(form_details, url, value):
"""
Submits a form given in `form_details`
Params:
form_details (list): a dictionary that contain form information
url (str): the original URL that contain that form
value (str): this will be replaced to all text and search inputs
Returns the HTTP Response after form submission
"""
# construct the full URL (if the url provided in action is relative)
target_url = urljoin(url, form_details["action"])
# get the inputs
inputs = form_details["inputs"]
data = {}
for input in inputs:
# replace all text and search values with `value`
if input["type"] == "text" or input["type"] == "search":
input["value"] = value
input_name = input.get("name")
input_value = input.get("value")
if input_name and input_value:
# if input name and value are not None,
# then add them to the data of form submission
data[input_name] = input_value
print(f"[+] Submitting malicious payload to {target_url}")
print(f"[+] Data: {data}")
if form_details["method"] == "post":
return requests.post(target_url, data=data)
else:
# GET request
return requests.get(target_url, params=data)The above function takes form_details which is the output of the get_form_details() function we just wrote as an argument that contains all form details. It also accepts the url in which the original HTML form was put and the value that is set to every text or search input field.
After we extract the form information, we just submit the form using requests.get() or requests.post() methods (depending on the form method).
Now that we have ready functions to extract all form details from a web page and submit them, it is easy now to scan for the XSS vulnerability now:
def scan_xss(url):
"""
Given a `url`, it prints all XSS vulnerable forms and
returns True if any is vulnerable, False otherwise
"""
# get all the forms from the URL
forms = get_all_forms(url)
print(f"[+] Detected {len(forms)} forms on {url}.")
js_script = "<Script>alert('hi')</scripT>"
# returning value
is_vulnerable = False
# iterate over all forms
for form in forms:
form_details = get_form_details(form)
content = submit_form(form_details, url, js_script).content.decode()
if js_script in content:
print(f"[+] XSS Detected on {url}")
print(f"[*] Form details:")
pprint(form_details)
is_vulnerable = True
# won't break because we want to print available vulnerable forms
return is_vulnerableHere is what the function does:
- Given a URL, it grabs all the HTML forms and then prints the number of forms detected.
- It then iterates all over the forms and submits them by putting the value of all text and search input fields with a Javascript code.
- If the Javascript code is injected and successfully executed, then this is a clear sign that the web page is XSS vulnerable.
Let’s try this out:
if __name__ == "__main__":
url = "https://xss-game.appspot.com/level1/frame"
print(scan_xss(url))This is an intended XSS vulnerable website. Here is the result:
[+] Detected 1 forms on https://xss-game.appspot.com/level1/frame.
[+] XSS Detected on https://xss-game.appspot.com/level1/frame
[*] Form details:
{'action': '',
'inputs': [{'name': 'query',
'type': 'text',
'value': "<Script>alert('hi')</scripT>"},
{'name': None, 'type': 'submit'}],
'method': 'get'}
TrueAs you may see, the XSS vulnerability is successfully detected. Now, this code isn’t perfect for any XSS-vulnerable website. If you want to detect XSS for a specific website, you may need to refactor this code for your needs. This tutorial aims to make you aware of these kinds of attacks and to learn how to detect XSS vulnerabilities.
If you really want advanced tools to detect and even exploit XSS, there are a lot out there, XSStrike is such a great tool, and it is written purely in Python!
Alright, we are done with this tutorial; you can extend this code by extracting all website links and running the scanner on every link you find; this is a great challenge for you!
Happy Coding ♥
